Cardiac Emergencies in Young Adults: Key Questions & Tests for Early Detection

Heart health among young and middle-aged Indians is becoming an increasingly critical issue. The recent sudden deaths of well-known celebrities and entrepreneurs due to heart conditions have brought to light the growing concern of heart disease in the country. This has sparked greater awareness about the importance of monitoring heart health, emphasizing the need for understanding key questions and necessary tests to evaluate your heart’s condition.

Why Are Heart Events on the Rise Among Young Indians?

Is this just a few isolated incidents, or is there a real cause for concern?

This is an urgent issue that demands attention, as the number of cases continues to grow. India bears an alarming 60% of the world’s heart disease burden, despite making up less than 20% of the global population. Shockingly, 50% of heart attacks among Indian men occur before the age of 50, and 25% of these happen before the age of 40. Additionally, Indian women face significantly higher mortality rates from heart disease[1].

The Silver Lining

The good news is that awareness is growing, and more people are becoming proactive about preventing heart-related problems. Dr. Prashant Nag, Vice President of AUM Pharmacy Labs, states, “People are now asking, ‘How can I prevent future risks?’ instead of waiting for symptoms to show up.”

Heart Attack, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death—What’s the Difference?

While these terms are often used interchangeably, they refer to different conditions:

• Heart Attack: This occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the heart. Without sufficient oxygen, heart tissue begins to die. Symptoms may include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back, or arms, along with fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat, and anxiety.
• Cardiac Arrest: This happens when the heart suddenly stops beating, causing a loss of consciousness and cessation of breathing. Immediate treatment, such as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), is necessary. Cardiac arrest often occurs following a heart attack.
• Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD): This occurs when cardiac arrest leads to death within minutes, frequently without any prior symptoms.

Pre-Heart Attack

There’s something called the “pre-heart attack” phase. Some warning signs of an impending heart attack might include chest discomfort, shortness of breath, shoulder or arm pain, and weakness. These symptoms may occur hours or even weeks before the actual heart attack.

What’s Causing Heart Problems in Young Adults?

Several factors contribute to the rising number of heart-related issues in young Indians, including genetic predispositions among South Asians. Key risk factors include:

• Poor diet and increased intake of processed foods
• Sedentary lifestyles with little physical activity
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Co-existing conditions like diabetes and hypertension
• Chronic stress
• Lack of awareness about heart health status
• Inadequate or improper workout routines without proper medical guidance

COVID-19 & Heart Issues

The Lingering Effects of COVID-19

During the pandemic, it became clear that COVID-19 infection was linked to an increased risk of blood clots and other cardiovascular problems, both during and after the infection. While research was initially limited, a more recent study found that being hospitalized for COVID-19 is as risky as having a history of heart disease for developing future heart conditions like strokes or heart attacks. In some cases, the risk may even be higher[2].

COVID-19 Vaccines & Heart Events

Is there a link between the COVID-19 vaccine and heart-related events?

Current data, including findings from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), do not suggest any connection between COVID-19 vaccination and sudden cardiac death among previously healthy young individuals[3].

Essential Diagnostic Tests for Heart Health

Lipid Profile

This test measures cholesterol levels, including LDL (bad cholesterol), HDL (good cholesterol), and triglycerides. Elevated levels of LDL or triglycerides increase the risk of plaque buildup in arteries, which leads to heart disease. A lipid profile is a basic yet essential test to assess your heart’s risk factors.

• For individuals under 19, cholesterol screening is advised every 5 years, or earlier if there’s a family history of heart issues.
• Adults between 20-65 should test every 5 years, while those aged 45-65 should test every 1-2 years. After 65, it’s recommended to test annually.

Cardiac Risk Markers

This test measures markers like hs-CRP, Homocysteine, Apolipoproteins (A1, B), and Lipoprotein A, which help assess heart disease risk factors such as inflammation and cholesterol imbalances. These markers provide a detailed profile to help detect potential cardiovascular issues early.

• If you’re over 30, consider testing for cardiac risk markers, especially if you have risk factors like a family history of heart disease or high cholesterol.

Exercise Stress Test

This test involves walking on a treadmill or cycling on a stationary bike while your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored. The intensity of the exercise gradually increases to assess how your heart responds. It’s a safe, non-invasive method to detect irregular heart rhythms or reduced blood flow.

• Typically recommended for individuals over 40, especially those with risk factors such as obesity, smoking, or a family history of heart disease. Frequency depends on health status.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

An ECG tracks the electrical activity of your heart, identifying abnormal rhythms, heart attacks, or other conditions. It’s a quick and non-invasive test that detects irregular heartbeats, a common early sign of heart issues.

Echocardiogram (Echo)

Think of it as an ultrasound for your heart. This test uses sound waves to create images that assess the heart’s structure and function. It helps detect issues like heart valve problems, fluid buildup, or heart failure.

• Typically advised based on symptoms or doctor recommendations, especially for those with heart conditions or risk factors.

Cardiac CT Scan

A painless, non-invasive test that provides a detailed view of your heart and surrounding blood vessels to detect blockages or artery narrowing. It can also evaluate the pumping function of your heart.

• Recommended for individuals over 40 with risk factors for heart disease, based on a doctor’s evaluation.

Coronary Angiography

In this procedure, a contrast dye is injected into the heart’s arteries to identify blockages or narrowing, which could lead to a heart attack. It uses X-ray imaging to provide a detailed view of the coronary blood vessels.

• Typically performed when there are symptoms of heart disease such as chest pain or abnormal stress test results.

Please remember: Blood tests should be done for preventative measures, but radiology tests such as a cardiac CT scan or coronary angiography should only be conducted under a doctor’s guidance.

A Heart Health Check-In is Crucial

Regular check-ups with your doctor are essential for identifying early signs of heart problems, allowing for timely intervention and effective prevention.

Lifestyle Changes to Protect Your Heart

• Balanced Diet: Incorporate a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins like chicken and eggs into your meals.
• Physical Activity: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days to improve circulation, lower blood pressure, and strengthen the heart.
• Avoid Smoking & Limit Alcohol: Smoking damages blood vessels, while excessive alcohol raises blood pressure. Steering clear of both can help reduce heart disease risk.
• Stress Management: Techniques like yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can help reduce stress, alleviating pressure on the heart.
• Exercise Smart: If starting a new workout routine, ease into it gradually to allow your heart to adjust. It’s also a good idea to consult with a specialist before beginning intense exercises, especially if you have underlying conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure.

Your heart works tirelessly for you—care for it today for a healthier tomorrow! Stay informed, stay proactive.