Concerned About HMPV? Here’s What You Should Know!

A respiratory illness recently causing concern in China is now being watched closely in India after a few cases were reported in Bengaluru, Gujarat, and Chennai. This outbreak is due to a virus known as HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus). Should India be worried? Let’s break down what you need to know about HMPV, including its symptoms, transmission, and how to stay safe.

HMPV Cases in India: Current Situation

As of January 7, 2025, India has confirmed seven cases of HMPV, including two infants in Bengaluru diagnosed with bronchopneumonia. Health authorities are monitoring the situation, but they emphasize that there has been no significant increase in hospitalizations or respiratory infections related to HMPV.

HMPV Trends in China

The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that HMPV is one of the least common respiratory viruses causing acute infections, with a detection rate of 4.1%. This is significantly lower than the 28.5% positivity rate for influenza. While the numbers are concerning, they do not suggest a widespread outbreak.

What Is HMPV?

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) was first identified in 2001, although it is believed to have been circulating globally for over 60 years. It belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). HMPV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets or by contact with contaminated surfaces.

HMPV can cause both upper and lower respiratory infections, ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe conditions such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis. While it can affect anyone, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk.

Symptoms to Watch For

HMPV symptoms are similar to those of the common cold or flu, making diagnosis challenging without specific testing. Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Nasal congestion
• Wheezing
• Sore throat
• Shortness of breath

Symptoms generally appear 3 to 6 days after exposure and can last for 1 to 2 weeks. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own, but severe cases may require medical attention.

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads much like other respiratory viruses, mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces or objects and then touching the face. Good hygiene is key to preventing its spread.

Key Modes of Transmission:

• Direct contact with respiratory secretions from an infected person.
• Exposure to respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
• Touching contaminated surfaces like toys or doorknobs, then touching the face.

Crowded places such as schools, daycare centers, and public transport are high-risk areas for transmission.

How Is HMPV Diagnosed?

HMPV is typically detected using the following methods:

1. RT-PCR Tests (Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction): RT-PCR tests amplify viral RNA from respiratory samples, offering high sensitivity for early detection. It’s considered the gold standard for diagnosing respiratory viruses.
2. Antigen Detection Tests: These tests detect viral proteins in respiratory samples, using techniques like immunofluorescence or ELISA. They are faster than RT-PCR and often used for quick results in clinical settings.

Unlike COVID-19, HMPV tests are typically conducted in healthcare settings when respiratory infections are suspected, rather than through widespread mass testing or home kits.

Who Is Most at Risk?

While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are more at risk for severe complications:

• Infants and Young Children: Their immune systems are still developing, making them more vulnerable.
• Older Adults: Age-related immune decline increases the risk of serious outcomes.
• Immunocompromised Individuals: People undergoing treatments like chemotherapy, organ transplants, or living with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible.
• Chronic Disease Patients: Individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiac conditions are at higher risk.

Is HMPV a Cause for Concern?

According to current surveillance data in India, there has been no significant rise in respiratory infections or hospitalizations due to HMPV. While recent cases, such as two infants diagnosed with bronchopneumonia in Bengaluru, are concerning, health officials emphasize there is no need for alarm at this time.

Most HMPV infections are mild and resolve with supportive care, but severe cases such as pneumonia or respiratory failure can occur in vulnerable populations.

Key Takeaway:

Practicing good hygiene and taking preventive measures can greatly reduce the risk of infection. While HMPV warrants attention, there’s no need to panic.

HMPV vs. COVID-19: How They Compare

Although both HMPV and COVID-19 affect the respiratory system and share some similar symptoms, there are important differences:

Similarities:

• Both spread through respiratory droplets.
• Symptoms like fever, cough, and nasal congestion are common to both viruses.
• Vulnerable groups include children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals.

Differences:

• Origin: HMPV was identified in 2001, while COVID-19 emerged in 2019.
• Seasonality: HMPV infections peak in winter and spring, while COVID-19 can occur year-round.
• Vaccines: COVID-19 vaccines are available, but there is no vaccine for HMPV.
• Symptoms: COVID-19 may cause additional symptoms like loss of taste/smell and gastrointestinal issues, which are rare with HMPV.

Is There a Cure for HMPV?

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. Treatment primarily focuses on symptom management and preventing complications.

For Mild Cases:

• Rest and stay hydrated.
• Use over-the-counter medications like pain relievers, decongestants, and cough suppressants (consult a doctor for children).

For Severe Cases:

• Hospitalization may be required for oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation in rare instances.

Prevention Tips for HMPV

During colder months, respiratory illnesses tend to rise. Follow these simple precautions to protect yourself and your family from HMPV:

Do’s:

• Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
• Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs, phones, and toys.
• Wear a Mask: Use a mask in crowded or enclosed spaces, especially during peak seasons.
• Stay Home if Sick: Isolate yourself if unwell to prevent spreading the virus.
• Boost Immunity: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise, and get enough sleep.
• Follow Cough Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.

Don’ts:

• Don’t Touch Your Face: Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
• Don’t Share Personal Items: Avoid sharing towels, utensils, or toys.
• Don’t Reuse Tissues: Dispose of tissues properly after use.
• Don’t Ignore Symptoms: Seek medical advice if you feel unwell.
• Don’t Self-Medicate: Always consult a healthcare provider before taking any medication.

Final Takeaway

While HMPV is a respiratory virus that requires monitoring, there’s no need for alarm. Most infections are mild and can be managed with supportive care and preventive measures. Stay informed and practice basic hygiene to reduce the risk of infection.

If you or a family member develop symptoms such as persistent fever, cough, or shortness of breath, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Vigilance, not panic, is the best approach to emerging health concerns like HMPV.